Mood disorders are among the most common mental health conditions that affect people of all ages. They are characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, irritability, or extreme mood swings, which can significantly interfere with daily functioning and overall quality of life. Examples of mood disorders include depression, bipolar disorder, and cyclothymic disorder, all of which can have profound effects on an individual’s emotional, physical, and social well-being. Fortunately, mood disorders are treatable, and with proper care, many people can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

Understanding Mood Disorders

Hopkins Medical Association understands that mood disorders are characterized by significant disturbances in a person’s emotional state. These disorders can manifest in a variety of ways, ranging from prolonged sadness to periods of extreme elation or irritability. The two most common types of mood disorders are depressive disorders and bipolar disorders, though there are other variations as well.

Depressive Disorders

Depression is one of the most widespread mood disorders and can take various forms. It involves persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable.

  • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Major depressive disorder, often referred to simply as depression, is characterized by deep feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and despair that last for at least two weeks and interfere with daily functioning. Symptoms may include fatigue, difficulty concentrating, changes in sleep or appetite, and thoughts of death or suicide.
  • Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): Also known as dysthymia, persistent depressive disorder is a milder but longer-lasting form of depression. Symptoms last for at least two years and can include low self-esteem, poor appetite, and sleep disturbances.
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): A type of depression that typically occurs during the winter months, SAD is believed to be related to changes in daylight and disruptions to the body’s internal clock, or circadian rhythm.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic-depressive illness, is characterized by extreme mood swings that include depressive episodes and manic or hypomanic episodes. There are two main types of bipolar disorder:

  • Bipolar I Disorder: This type is marked by manic episodes or by manic symptoms that are so severe they require immediate hospitalization. Depressive episodes usually occur as well and can last for weeks or months.
  • Bipolar II Disorder: In this form of bipolar disorder, individuals experience hypomanic episodes (less severe than manic episodes) and major depressive episodes. While the manic symptoms are not as extreme as those in bipolar I, the depressive symptoms can still be debilitating.

Cyclothymic Disorder

Cyclothymic disorder involves periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years (one year for children and adolescents). However, the symptoms do not meet the full criteria for a manic or depressive episode. Although less severe, cyclothymic disorder can still cause significant distress and disrupt daily life.

The Causes and Risk Factors of Mood Disorders

The exact causes of mood disorders are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to the development of these conditions:

  • Genetic Factors: Family history plays a significant role in the development of mood disorders. People with close relatives who have mood disorders, especially bipolar disorder or depression, are at an increased risk of developing similar conditions.
  • Chemical Imbalance: Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine play a crucial role in regulating mood. Imbalances in these chemicals are believed to contribute to mood disorders, particularly depression and bipolar disorder.
  • Life Events and Stress: Major life events such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or financial difficulties can trigger mood disorders. Additionally, ongoing stress from work, relationships, or health concerns can contribute to the development of these conditions.
  • Trauma and Abuse: Early trauma, abuse, or neglect can increase the risk of developing mood disorders later in life. This is especially true for individuals who experience emotional or physical abuse during childhood.
  • Medical Conditions: Chronic illnesses, neurological conditions, and hormonal imbalances can also contribute to the development of mood disorders.

Hopkins Medical Association: Treatment of Mood Disorders

The treatment of mood disorders typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. HMA tailors treatment plans to the individual’s specific needs, with close monitoring to adjust therapies as necessary.

Psychotherapy

HMA knows that psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is a cornerstone of treatment for mood disorders. It provides a safe and structured environment in which individuals can explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. There are various therapeutic modalities used to treat mood disorders, including:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is one of the most widely used therapies for treating depression and anxiety. It focuses on identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and replacing them with more realistic, balanced thoughts. CBT helps individuals develop coping strategies and problem-solving skills that can improve emotional regulation and reduce symptoms of depression.
  • Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): IPT focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and social functioning. It is particularly helpful for individuals with depression, as it addresses issues like grief, role transitions, and interpersonal disputes that may contribute to depressive symptoms.
  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): DBT was originally developed for treating individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), but it is also effective for people with mood disorders. DBT helps individuals learn to manage intense emotions, improve relationships, and tolerate distress.
  • Psychodynamic Therapy: Psychodynamic therapy explores the unconscious patterns and conflicts that may contribute to mood disorders. By gaining insight into the root causes of emotional distress, individuals can begin to understand and address their underlying issues.
  • Family Therapy: Family therapy involves family members in the treatment process to address relational issues, improve communication, and reduce the impact of a mood disorder on the family unit.

Medications

Hopkins Medical Association may utilize medications to manage the symptoms of mood disorders. Different classes of medications can be used depending on the type of mood disorder:

  • Antidepressants: These medications are commonly prescribed for depression and include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Antidepressants help regulate the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, improving mood and energy levels. Other types of medications may be used as adjunctive therapy for treatment resistant symptoms.
  • Mood Stabilizers: For individuals with bipolar disorder, mood stabilizers like lithium or anticonvulsant medications (e.g., valproate, lamotrigine) are used to prevent extreme mood swings, particularly manic or hypomanic episodes.
  • Antipsychotic Medications: In some cases, individuals with bipolar disorder may be prescribed atypical antipsychotics, such as olanzapine or quetiapine, to help manage manic or depressive symptoms.
  • Anti-Anxiety Medications: For individuals with depression or bipolar disorder who also experience anxiety, anti-anxiety medications may be prescribed to help manage anxiety symptoms. HMA understands that substance use disorders may be co-occurring with mental illness and uses caution and individualized treatment approach when symptoms require prescribing controlled substances.
  1. Lifestyle Changes and Self-Care

In addition to medication and psychotherapy, lifestyle changes can play a crucial role in managing mood disorders. These include:

  • Regular Exercise: Physical activity has been shown to improve mood by increasing the production of endorphins, the body’s natural “feel-good” chemicals. Exercise also helps reduce stress and anxiety, both of which can exacerbate mood disorder symptoms.
  • Balanced Diet: A healthy, balanced diet that includes adequate amounts of nutrients and vitamins can support brain function and overall mental health. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish and certain nuts, are particularly beneficial for individuals with depression.
  • Sleep Hygiene: Proper sleep is essential for emotional regulation. Individuals with mood disorders should establish a consistent sleep routine and create a calming bedtime environment to improve the quality of their sleep.
  • Stress Management: Learning to manage stress through techniques like mindfulness, meditation, and relaxation exercises can help reduce the impact of stress on mood and prevent symptom flare-ups.

The Role of Hopkins Medical Association in Mood Disorder Treatment

Hopkins Medical Association (HMA) provides comprehensive, patient-centered care for individuals with mood disorders. At HMA, a multidisciplinary team of mental health professionals—including physicians, psychiatric nurse practitioners, and therapists—work together to provide holistic treatment for patients. Key features of HMA’s approach to mood disorder treatment include:

  1. Comprehensive Assessment

At HMA, the treatment of mood disorders begins with a thorough assessment to understand the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and personal circumstances. This comprehensive evaluation includes interviews, standardized diagnostic tests, and collaboration with other healthcare providers to ensure an accurate diagnosis.

  1. Individualized Treatment Plans

Based on the assessment, HMA’s providers develop individualized treatment plans tailored to each patient’s specific needs. Treatment may include a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle interventions, with ongoing monitoring and adjustments to optimize care.

  1. Collaborative Care

HMA fosters a collaborative approach to care, bringing together professionals from different specialties to ensure that all aspects of the patient’s condition are addressed. This team-based approach ensures that patients receive comprehensive, coordinated care.

  1. Crisis Support and Follow-Up

HMA can provide referrals for crisis intervention services for individuals who are experiencing acute emotional distress or suicidal thoughts. Patients in crisis receive immediate attention and are supported in accessing resources to stabilize their condition. Regular follow-up appointments are scheduled to monitor progress and make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.

How to Get Help in a Mental Health Crisis

If you or someone you know is experiencing a mental health crisis, it’s essential to seek help immediately. There are several resources available for crisis intervention and support:

  • National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: Call 988 for 24/7 confidential support.
  • Crisis Text Line: Text HOME to 741741 for free, confidential counseling support.

Mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder, can significantly affect an individual’s life. However, with the right treatment and support, people with mood disorders can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. Hopkins Medical Association can provide comprehensive, individualized care to help patients with mood disorders address their emotional, physical, and social challenges. Whether through psychotherapy, medication, or lifestyle changes, individuals can find a treatment plan that works for them. If you or someone you know is struggling, don’t hesitate to reach out for help—there is always support available. Call HMA at 1-276-598-4448 or stop by one of our locations to schedule your appointment today.